Carrasco National Park

The Carrasco National Park (in Spanish: Parque Nacional Carrasco), located in Bolivia, is a protected area that combines exceptional biodiversity, impressive landscapes, and unique opportunities for adventures. Immerse yourself in the exploration of this marvelous park, from its captivating flora and fauna to its local communities and the history that defines it.

Introduction to Carrasco National Park

Geographic Location

Carrasco National Park is situated in the Cochabamba region, in the central part of Bolivia, bordering Amboró National Park. Covering an area of 622,600 hectares, it stretches from the foothills of the Andes to the Amazon basin.

It is located within the municipalities of Puerto Villarroel, Chimoré, Totora, Pocona, Pojo, Tiraque, Entre Ríos, Shinahota, Villa Tunari, and Colomi, in the provinces of Carrasco, Tiraque, and Chapare, in the department of Cochabamba, Bolivia. Encompassing an area of 622,600 hectares (6,226 km2), the park offers stunning scenic beauty characterized by its mountainous terrain with canyons and deep valleys, fast-flowing rivers, waterfalls, and lush vegetation. Its geographical coordinates are approximately 17°23′00″S 65°03′00″W / -17.38333333, -65.05.

In the park’s outer buffer zone, archaeological sites like the Inca ruins of Incachaca and pre-Columbian pathways can be found, adding a historical and cultural dimension to the area. Additionally, picturesque towns with colonial architecture, such as Totora, enhance the region’s charm.

History and Establishment as a National Park

Carrasco National Park (CNP) was established on December 9, 1988, under the name Carrasco-Ichilo National Park, with an original area of 180,000 hectares. However, on October 11, 1991, through Supreme Decree No. 22.940, its name was changed to Carrasco National Park and its area was expanded to 622,600 hectares. This expansion aimed to mitigate the environmental impact of the Chimoré-Yapacaní road and also included the "Caverns of Repechón" Wildlife Sanctuary, which had been established earlier.

The park’s administration began in 1993, when the Center for Forest Development (CDF) took over its management. The administration’s focus was centered around biodiversity protection, environmental education, and natural resource management. However, due to management deficiencies by the CDF and the enactment of the Environmental Law, which created the National Environmental Secretariat (now the National Protected Areas Service), the area’s administration was transferred to the National Biodiversity Conservation Directorate (DNCB) at the end of 1993, which remains responsible to this day.

One of the main challenges for the area is related to its boundaries and its designation as a national park. Previous considerations have been made regarding the possibility of changing its designation to Carrasco National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area, similar to the case of Amboró National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area. The creation of an Integrated Management Natural Area to the north of the park and the establishment of a designated "red line" zone due to degradation and high population density, as well as the presence of legal coca plantations, have also been proposed. These aspects require special attention to address the conservation challenges in Carrasco National Park.

Ecological and Conservation Importance

Carrasco National Park is renowned for its extraordinary species diversity, many of which are endemic to the region. It plays a vital role in conserving numerous threatened species and protecting mountain forests and humid jungles. The park’s aim is to ensure the permanent conservation and protection of the region’s ecosystems and ecological processes.

Biodiversity: Flora, Fauna, and Notable Species

Overview of Flora

It harbors a wide variety of plant species, estimated to range from 3,000 to 5,000 species within the area. Among the significant species are those with timber value, such as cedar (Cedrela odorata), mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), alder (Alnus acuminata), and walnut (Juglans boliviana). However, endangered species are also found, including Podocarpus perlatorei and Podocarpus rusbyi, collectively known as "pino de monte," Prumnopitis exigua, and the majo palm (Oenocarpus bataua).

Due to the rugged topography and slopes in the area, landslides are common, resulting in vegetation succession at various stages. Ravines are rarely affected by landslides and host distinct vegetation communities, such as ravines dominated by "pino de monte" between 2600 and 3300 meters above sea level. At approximately 3400 meters above sea level, the vegetation is dominated by keñua forests, Polylepis racemosa (3400-3800 meters above sea level), and Polylepis pepei (3800-4200 meters above sea level).

In the Ceja de Monte region, mixed cloud forests can be found, showcasing various walnut species (Juglans spp.), copal, palms like the majo (Oenocarpus bataua), giant ferns (Cyathea spp.), and Huaycha (Weinmannia spp.). In higher zones such as the Puna and Páramo Yungueño, evergreen shrubs and grasslands predominate. The diversity and adaptability of flora in Carrasco National Park are impressive, creating a varied and unique vegetation landscape.

Overview of Fauna

From jaguars to macaws, the fauna of Carrasco National Park is equally diverse and captivating. It hosts a remarkable diversity of vertebrate species, with over 800 species recorded in the protected area. Among them, 125 species of large mammals stand out. Some of the most representative mammal species include the Andean bear or "jucumari" (Tremarctos ornatus), Andean deer or "taruca" (Hippocamelus antisensis), jaguar (Panthera onca), Andean cat (Felis jacobita), and tapir (Tapirus terrestris). These emblematic species contribute to the park’s conservation importance and value.

Regarding birds, the park hosts a great diversity, with approximately 850 recorded species, representing around 30% of all documented bird species in Bolivia. The park is considered one of the priority areas for bird conservation in the country, as it encompasses endemic bird areas such as the lower and upper Yungas and the Andes. One bird of special tourist appeal in the area is the oilbird (Steatornis caripensis), known for its nocturnal habits and trophic relationship with palms.

Among the bird species present in the park, there are also those endangered and/or endemic, such as Asthenes heterura, Terenura sharpei, Morphus guianensis, Tangara ruficervix, Simoxenops striatus, Grallaria erythrotis, Myrrmotherula grises, and Oreotrochilus adela. These species highlight Carrasco Park’s importance as a refuge for bird conservation and emphasize its value as a tourist destination for birdwatching enthusiasts.

Endemic and Threatened Species

The park serves as a refuge for many endangered and endemic species, underscoring its importance in terms of conservation.

Geography and Natural Features

Present Ecosystems

Carrasco National Park is home to a variety of ecosystems, ranging from mountain and cloud forests to humid tropical jungles, providing diverse habitats for a wide range of species.

Notable Geological Formations

Remarkable geological features of the park include impressive limestone formations, towering mountains, and numerous caves, some of which are accessible to visitors.

Hydrology: Rivers and Bodies of Water

The park harbors a network of rivers and streams that provide vital water for the park’s flora and fauna, creating landscapes of great beauty. Several significant rivers traverse the protected area, contributing to its hydrological richness. Some of the prominent rivers include:

1. Ivirizú River: One of the most important rivers coursing through the park. It contributes to the region’s hydrological system and plays a vital role in supplying water to ecosystems and local communities.
2. Chimoré River: Also significant within the park. Its flow and course influence the geography and biodiversity of the area, providing water resources for flora, fauna, and surrounding population.
3. Ichilo River: An important watercourse in the region. Its presence and flow contribute to the formation of river landscapes, as well as providing water for wildlife and human activities in the area.
4. Sajta River: Crosses the protected area, enriching its hydrology and providing a vital habitat for aquatic fauna and related species.
5. San Mateo River: Another relevant river in the area, with its course and flow contributing to ecological diversity and the availability of water resources in the park.
6. Ichoa River: Completes the list of most important rivers traversing the national park area. Its presence and water contributions are essential for maintaining ecological balance and sustaining life within the protected area.

These rivers play a vital role in the hydrology of the Carrasco region and the national park, providing water for flora, fauna, and local communities, and contributing to the formation of stunning river landscapes.

Altitude

It encompasses a wide range of altitudes, from 280 to 4,717 meters above sea level. This allows for the presence of diverse ecosystems and a great variety of flora and fauna in the protected area. From lowlands to the highest mountain zones, the park offers varied landscapes and climatic conditions, creating habitats for a wide range of species.

Climate

It experiences a seasonal climate with a clear distinction between a wet season and a dry season. The most reliable climate records in the region are found in Villa Tunari, where information has been collected for over 10 years. In this area, the average annual precipitation is 5676 mm. Most of the rainfall occurs during the wet season, spanning from November to April. During the dry season, which encompasses May to July, precipitation decreases significantly, falling below 1000 mm, but relative humidity remains high, resulting in a very humid climate.

In the higher regions of the park, defined climatic seasons do not exist. However, due to the rugged topography, there is a narrow strip where humidity levels remain higher than those of the Amazon rainforest. Additionally, fog condensation contributes to maintaining environmental humidity, especially in the cloud condensation zone found between 1600 and 3600 meters above sea level.

The average temperature in Villa Tunari is 24.6 °C, while in Sehuencas, located at a higher altitude, it ranges between 12 and 15 °C, with a variation of about 5 °C throughout the year. Frosts are frequent in areas near 200 meters above sea level, especially when polar winds from the south arrive during the dry season.

Current Population and Pre-Hispanic Cultures

The region where Carrasco National Park is located has been inhabited by various pre-Hispanic cultures, with the Incas being one of the most prominent. Archaeological evidence of Inca constructions, such as forts, bridges, and steps, has been found in the ruins of Incachaca. Pre-Hispanic roads can also be found in the Yungas de Vandiola and Yungas de Arepucho regions.

In the present day, the southern zone of Amboró and Carrasco parks has experienced significant population growth in recent decades. Communities have been established along the roads connecting the city of Cochabamba to the lowlands, especially in the Chapare region. The construction of main roads between Cochabamba and Santa Cruz between the 1940s and 1970s influenced the settlement of new communities.

The population of the surrounding region is primarily composed of mestizo farmers, who are descendants of inhabitants from the high valleys and migrants from the highlands to the tropics. There have been reports of the possible presence of uncontacted Yuracare ethnic groups within the interior of the area, although this hasn’t been officially confirmed. It’s estimated that around 100 farming families live within the protected area. The main economic activities of the inhabitants include agriculture, agroforestry, and livestock farming both in the lowlands and the highlands.

In terms of identity and relationship with the territory, two social groups stand out: the settlers and the farmers. Settlers are those who established themselves in the Cochabamba tropics as a result of modernization policies starting from the 1950s, especially exacerbated in the 1980s due to mine closures. Farmers, originating from the high plateau, valleys, and Yungas, have a strong sense of belonging to the territory they occupy, both physically and historically. They face socioeconomic problems due to small landholdings or degradation of their production systems and low purchasing power. They see hope in reclaiming the lands abandoned by their ancestors, even within the protected area, and possibly seeking new lands to settle.

The town of Villa Tunari is one of the three municipalities located in Chapare. The urban area has only 1,987 inhabitants, but the entire municipal jurisdiction has 81,136 inhabitants, according to the diagnosis conducted by the Municipality. Approximately 58% of the population lives in rural areas, and almost half of the population consists of migrants from other provinces of the Cochabamba department or from the departments of Oruro and Potosí, mostly aiming to colonize the lowlands of Chapare.

Attractions and Recommended Activities

The park offers a variety of natural attractions that are worth exploring.

Main Excursions

• Cavernas del Repechón Wildlife Sanctuary: Natural caves are the home and nesting place of the Guácharo bird, an endemic species with nocturnal habits that plays an ecological role in the forest.
• Inca Chaca (Inca Bridge): This place impresses with its stunning waterfalls. Some of the most popular tourist attractions include the Garganta and Ventana del Diablo, Velo de Novia, Baño de Ñustas, Puente Colgante, Casa de Máquinas (an old hydroelectric plant), and Rostro de Piedra (Stone Face).
• Sehuencas Valley: This valley is an area of humid rainforest with impressive landscapes and abundant native flora, such as alder forests along riverbanks and forests of giant or tree ferns. Additionally, the Andean bear or Jucumari also inhabits this area.
• Quewiñas Forest – Infiernillos: In the community of Infiernillos, a dense Quewiñas forest can be found, hosting several species of fauna and flora, including three endemic bird species. The tour through this forest takes approximately 5 hours and covers a distance of 3,200 meters.
• Cajones del Ichilo: This attraction is located on the Ichilo River, on the border between the departments of Cochabamba and Santa Cruz. The winding course of the river creates rapids and pools of crystal-clear water suitable for swimming and catch-and-release fishing. The Cajones del Ichilo offer a canyon-like landscape surrounded by mountains and cliffs formed by the passage of the river.
• Valle de la Luna: This place presents peculiar geological formations, with small moon-like craters formed by soil erosion. Its saline soils attract numerous bird species, especially parrots and parakeets, due to the present mineral nutrients.

These attractions provide the opportunity to enjoy natural beauty, explore unique landscapes, and observe wildlife in all its splendor.

Hiking Routes and Trails

With a vast territory to explore, there are numerous hiking routes and trails that allow visitors to discover the natural beauty of Bolivia and deeply explore the region. The routes vary in difficulty, providing options for all skill levels.

The presence of pre-Columbian roads is also notable. These ancestral paths, used by ancient civilizations, traverse the area and offer insight into how people connected and traveled in the past. These roads are a tangible reminder of the rich cultural history of the region and offer visitors the opportunity to follow in the footsteps of those who walked them centuries ago.

Birdwatching and Wildlife Observation

Thanks to its rich biodiversity, the park is a fantastic place for birdwatching and wildlife observation. From colorful macaws to the majestic jaguar, there are many fascinating species to observe.

Caving in Repechón Caves

For adventurers, the Repechón Caves offer an exciting opportunity for caving. Remember to always follow safety guidelines and rules to protect both the cave ecosystem and your own safety.

Visitor’s Guide

How to Get There and Parking

The park is accessible via several routes, the most popular of which is from the city of Cochabamba. Parking is available for visitors, but it’s recommended to arrive early during the peak season.

To get to Carrasco National Park from the city of Cochabamba, there are different access options:

1. Cochabamba – Santa Cruz Highway: You can take the paved road that connects Cochabamba with Santa Cruz. This route passes through Tiraque, which is the highland region of the park. It’s the most traveled and accessible route.
2. Old Cochabamba – Santa Cruz Road: Another option is to take the old road to Santa Cruz, which passes through the Sehuencas and Pojo regions. This route can offer a more scenic and less traveled experience.
3. Access from Villa Tunari: From the town of Villa Tunari, you can access the park via buses, minibuses, micros, or other public transportation vehicles. The price of transportation varies but is usually between Bs. 15 and Bs. 25 per person.

Once in Villa Tunari, there are options for local transportation, such as mini trufis and vans, that will take you to the Wildlife Sanctuary and other areas of the park.

It’s important to note that the internal roads of the park may not be in good condition, especially during the rainy season. Therefore, it’s recommended to use 4×4 vehicles to ensure safe and proper access to the area.

Visiting Hours and Fees

The park is open every day from sunrise to sunset. There is a reasonable entrance fee to help maintain and protect the park, although prices may vary, so it’s recommended to check the most recent information before your visit.

Rules and Recommendations for Visitors

To ensure the safety of all visitors and the protection of flora and fauna, it’s important to follow all park rules. This includes staying on designated trails, not feeding the animals, and carrying out all trash. Remember that you are in a protected space, and it’s the responsibility of everyone to preserve it.

Nearby Points of Interest

One of the notable archaeological sites is the Incachaca ruins, which houses Inca ruins. Here, you can find structures such as forts, bridges, and steps that showcase the skill and engineering of this ancient civilization. These structures are a testimony to the historical and strategic significance of the region.

Community and Cultural Impact

Involvement and Benefits for Local Communities

Carrasco National Park plays an important role in local communities, providing employment, ecotourism opportunities, and contributing to the local economy. Local communities also have a crucial role in the management and conservation of the park.

Cultural and Archaeological Heritage

In addition to its rich biodiversity, Carrasco National Park also hosts important cultural and archaeological heritage sites. This includes remains of pre-Columbian civilizations that add a fascinating historical dimension to the visit.

Conservation and Threats

Current Conservation Measures

Several measures are being implemented to protect and conserve the unique biodiversity of Carrasco National Park. This includes species monitoring projects, environmental education programs, and limiting human development in sensitive areas.

Main Threats and Challenges

Carrasco National Park faces a range of threats and challenges, including deforestation, poaching, and climate change. Addressing these issues is essential to ensure the long-term survival of this precious ecosystem.

1. Intensive Hunting and Fishing: Unregulated and excessive hunting and fishing can negatively impact animal populations in the park, disrupting ecosystems and endangering biodiversity.
2. Deforestation: Deforestation of forest cover is a major concern. Illegal logging and the expansion of agricultural activities can lead to habitat loss and ecosystem fragmentation, negatively impacting plant and animal species that depend on them.
3. Land Conversion for Coca Cultivation: The expansion of coca cultivation, primarily for illicit drug production, poses a significant threat to the park. This activity involves deforestation, the use of harmful chemicals, and soil degradation, in addition to generating social and political conflicts in areas adjacent to the protected area.
4. Illegal Harvesting of Valuable Species: Illegal extraction of high-value species, such as precious woods, can have a devastating impact on the park’s natural resources, depleting forests and affecting species diversity.
5. Indiscriminate Burning: Indiscriminate burning, whether for land preparation or due to negligent activities, can cause forest fires that destroy vegetation and jeopardize wildlife and the park’s fragile ecosystems.
6. Narcotrafficking: The presence of narcotrafficking in the region can have negative impacts on the park, including environmental degradation related to drug production and transportation, as well as the presence of associated illegal activities that can affect the area’s security and conservation.
7. Unregulated Road Construction: Unregulated road construction can lead to habitat fragmentation, facilitate deforestation, and provide uncontrolled access to the park, which can increase pressure on natural resources.

It’s important to note that many of these issues have social and political roots, especially related to coca cultivation in areas near the park. These conflicts require comprehensive attention that addresses both the needs of local communities and the conservation of the protected area.

Scientific Research and Projects

Current Research Projects

Numerous research projects are currently underway in Carrasco National Park, focusing on areas such as wildlife and flora conservation, climate change, and forest ecology.

Significant Scientific Discoveries

Over the years, scientists have made several significant discoveries in Carrasco National Park, highlighting the importance of research for conservation and understanding ecosystems.

Photo Gallery