Snowdonia National Park in Wales, England

The Snowdonia National Park, also known as Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri in Welsh, was designated as the third national park of England and Wales in 1951. It covers an area of 2142 km² (840 square miles) in the Eryri (Snowdonia) region in northwest Wales. Within its boundaries lies the highest mountain in England and Wales, as well as the largest lake in the latter.

History of Snowdonia National Park

The Snowdonia National Park has a rich history dating back to its establishment in 1951, the same year as the Peak District National Park as Britain’s third national park and one of the most important parks in England and Wales. Covering an area of 827 square miles (2,140 km2) and with 37 miles (60 km) of coastline, it stretches across parts of Gwynedd and Conwy counties.

Before the designation of the park’s boundaries, the term "Snowdonia" used to refer to a smaller area, mainly the highlands of northern Gwynedd centered on the Snowdon massif. However, the national park encompasses a much larger area, more than twice the size, extending south into Meirionnydd.

Traditional Snowdonia includes the ranges of Snowdon and its satellites, such as the Glyderau group, Carneddau, Moelwynion, and Moel Hebog, but it does not include the hills south of Maentwrog. This area holds unique significance in the history, tradition, and culture of Wales.

The Snowdonia Society, founded in 1967, is a registered charity composed of volunteers interested in protecting and conserving the area.

Origin of the name "Snowdonia" of the national park

The English name of the park derives from Yr Wyddfa (Snowdon), the highest mountain in Wales, which reaches an altitude of 1085 m. In Welsh, the park is known as Eryri. It is believed that the name derives from Eryr (eagle), though some suggest it simply means "highlands," as stated by Welsh scholar Sir Ifor Williams. In the Middle Ages, the title of Prince of Wales and Lord of Snowdonia (Tywysog Cymru ac Arglwydd Eryri) was used by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd; his grandfather Llywelyn Fawr held the title of Prince of North Wales and Lord of Snowdonia.

Before the national park boundaries were established, Eryri used to refer to a smaller area, specifically the highland region of northern Gwynedd in the Snowdon massif. However, the national park encompasses more than twice that size, extending south into Meirionnydd. This is reflected in books published before 1951, such as "Wild Wales" (1862) by George Borrow and "The Mountains of Snowdonia" (1925) by H. Carr & G. Lister. F.J. North, editor of the book "Snowdonia" (1949), mentions that when the Committee outlined the provisional boundaries, they included areas beyond Eryri. Traditional Eryri includes the regions of Snowdon and its satellite mountains, Glyderau, Carneddau, and the Moel Siabod group, but excludes the hills south of Maentwrog. This area, like Eryri, has a unique place in the history, tradition, and culture of Wales

Mythology in the national park

Folklore and mythology in Britain have been passed down through generations via oral tradition, evolving over the centuries. These legends and tales share similar images and structures throughout the region.

Mythology often teaches us that we are stewards of the landscape, with stories emphasizing the connection between the land and its inhabitants.

Yr Wyddfa, also known as Snowdon in English (which gives the park its name), has a rich history in Welsh mythology. It is said that the name "Yr Wyddfa" comes from the word "Gwyddfa," meaning "tomb" or "burial place." According to legend, the medieval Welsh king Rhita Gawr was buried at the summit of Yr Wyddfa after a fierce battle with King Arthur.

The Mabinogi, a collection of medieval Welsh stories, is a masterpiece of early British prose. Some of the best-known stories from the Four Branches of the Mabinogi take place within the boundaries of Snowdonia National Park, such as "Branwen ferch Llŷr" and "Math fab Mathonwy," demonstrating the rich mythological tradition associated with the region.

Recommended excursions and activities

What to See and Do in Snowdonia National Park

Snowdonia National Park boasts a variety of must-see attractions, ranging from Mount Snowdon, the highest mountain in Wales, to fairytale castles like Conwy and Caernarfon. Additionally, there are other very interesting places like the Llechwedd Slate Caverns or the waterfalls and cascades within the protected area of the national park. Castles are one of the most visited places, especially Harlech and Dolwyddelan castles, but other sites like PortMeirion for its beauty, and of course, the peaks of The Glyders for their beautiful panoramic views from the top or the industrial history of the region with Electric Mountain. And if you prefer cultural visits, Snowdonia can also offer that with museums and tea rooms in Betws-y-Coed.

Snowdon Mountain, the Highest Peak in Wales

Mount Snowdon (in English: Snowdon Mountain), the highest peak in Wales, offers a range of exciting activities for those visiting Snowdonia:

1. Climbing Mount Snowdon: Standing at 1,085 meters, it is a popular challenge for hikers. It offers impressive views and a connection to Arthurian legend.
2. Snowdon Mountain Railway: For those who prefer a more relaxed option, the railway takes visitors to the summit in authentic Victorian-era carriages, offering panoramic views.
3. Exploring the summit: At the top, visitors can enjoy a café and a visitor center called Hafod Eryri, in addition to the spectacular views.
4. The train ride to the summit of Snowdonia, specifically to Hafod Eryri, takes approximately 1 hour. Once there, passengers have a 30-minute stopover before returning. In total, the round trip takes about 2 hours and 30 minutes.

Ticket price: Access to the mountains is free, but the Snowdon Mountain Railway charges £29 per adult and £20 per child for a round-trip ticket.

How to get there: Train stations in Bangor and Betws-y-Coed are the best options for hikers wishing to ascend Snowdon.

Best time to visit: The months of June, July, and August are ideal for hiking to the summit due to more favorable weather conditions.

Conwy Castle

Conwy Castle, an impressive medieval fortress, offers a unique experience and panoramic views:

1. History and architecture: Built in 1283 by King Edward I, Conwy Castle is one of the best-preserved in Europe. Designed by master James of St. George, its towering turrets and robust walls offer a fascinating insight into medieval history.
2. Location and views: Situated on a rocky outcrop, the castle offers spectacular views of the mountains and the sea from its battlements. It is an ideal place to capture the majesty of the Welsh landscape.
3. Access and prices: Entry to the castle costs £11.10 for adults and £7.80 for children. The castle can be accessed by car, train, bus, or bicycle.
4. Best time to visit: All seasons are suitable for visiting the castle. Each season offers a unique perspective of the fortress and its surroundings.
5. Reservations: Tickets can be booked online to guarantee entry to the castle and avoid unnecessary waits.

Conwy Castle offers an unforgettable experience for those who wish to immerse themselves in the history and natural beauty of Wales.

Llechwedd Slate Caverns

Llechwedd Slate Caverns in Blaenau Ffestiniog offer a fascinating exploration of the underground world of slate mining. In Spanish, the place is also known as the Cavernas de Pizarra de Llechwedd, though if you search for information while in England, the original name is better. These caverns offer a different view of the national park, offering:

1. History and exploration: These caverns allow visitors to delve into the history of the slate mining industry, which was prominent in North Wales from the 19th century to the 1960s. Two tours offer different experiences: the Miners’ Tramway Tour explores 19th-century slate extraction techniques, while the Deep Mine Tour takes visitors 500 feet underground to discover vast caverns and a beautiful underground lake.
2. Entry prices: The two tours at the Llechwedd Slate Caverns cost £16.30 for adults and £12.10 for children.
3. Access: The caverns are accessible by train, located a 20-minute walk from Blaenau Ffestiniog train station. There are also buses available from the train station that will drop you near the Llechwedd Slate Caverns.
4. Best time to visit: The Christmas season offers a special experience in the caverns, though any time of year is suitable for exploring this fascinating underground world.

The Llechwedd Slate Caverns offer a unique experience combining history, adventure, and natural beauty, making them a must-visit in Snowdonia, Wales.

Waterfalls

The waterfalls in Snowdonia, Wales, offer impressive spectacles of nature, and two of the most notable are Conwy and Swallow Falls. They are located amidst lush forests teeming with wildlife, near Betws-y-Coed. Conwy Falls is at the confluence of the Conwy and Machno rivers, while Swallow Falls is on the Llugwy River.

1. Entry fees: Visiting Swallow Falls is free, while Conwy Falls has an entry fee of £2 per person.
2. Access: You can reach these waterfalls by finding the nearest train or bus station.
3. Best time to visit: After heavy rains, the waterfalls will be in full flow, and the surrounding vegetation will be at its peak.

Caernarfon Castle

Caernarfon Castle is a mighty medieval fortress that has become one of the main attractions in Snowdonia over the years:

1. History and architecture: Built by order of Edward I in 1283, Caernarfon Castle was designed to be a symbol of English dominance in Wales. It is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the best examples of medieval castles in the world.
2. Entry fee: Tickets to the castle cost £12.50 for adults and £8.80 for children.
3. Access: You can reach Caernarfon Castle from London by train or bus. The train journey takes approximately 4 hours and 35 minutes, while by bus it can take around 10 hours and 59 minutes.
4. Best time to visit: The castle’s opening hours vary by season, with longer hours during July and August and reduced hours from September to February.

Caernarfon Castle is a must-visit for those interested in medieval history and architecture, offering a fascinating glimpse into Wales’ past and its historical significance.

PortMeirion

PortMeirion is a charming Mediterranean-style village, a visit well worth when you’re in Snowdonia:

1. History and atmosphere: Built between 1925 and 1975 by Sir Clough Williams-Ellis, this village is located near the Dwyryd River and features a variety of facilities, including a hotel, spa, restaurants, tea rooms, a beach, and shops. It is known for its tranquil atmosphere and was featured in the TV show "The Prisoner."
2. Entry fee: Entrance to the village costs £10 for adults and £7 for children.
3. Access: Detailed directions on how to get to PortMeirion can be found on its official website.
4. Best time to visit: The months of May, June, July, August, and September are ideal for visiting PortMeirion, as the weather is warmer and there are more outdoor activities available.

If you enjoy architecture and relaxed environments, it can be an ideal destination.

Harlech Castle

Harlech Castle, located at the western edge of Snowdonia National Park, is a historical gem offering a fascinating experience:

1. History and architecture: Built by order of Edward I and completed in 1289, Harlech Castle is an imposing example of medieval architecture. Made of grey sandstone, it features a grand entrance gate, four corner towers, and several fortifications.
2. Entry fees: Entry to the castle costs £8.70 for adults and £6.10 for children.
3. Access: Harlech Castle can be reached by bus, taking bus 39, or by train via Arriva Trains Wales.
4. Best time to visit: A warm and clear summer day is the ideal time to visit Harlech Castle and enjoy its panoramic views and rich history.

Harlech Castle is an unmissable stop for history enthusiasts and lovers of medieval architecture in Snowdonia, offering a fascinating glimpse into Wales’ past.

The Glyders

The Glyders in Snowdonia are among the best places to experience spectacular views and go hiking:

1. Natural beauty: Glyder Fach and Glyder Fawr, known as the Glyders, are two of the finest mountains in the UK. With stunning lakes like Llyn Ogwen, Llyn Idwal, and Llyn Bochlwyd, these mountains offer spectacular landscapes and challenging trails, including the Front Ridge of the Carneddau.
2. Free access: There is no entry fee to access the Glyders, making them an ideal choice for nature lovers and hikers.
3. Access: The summits of Glyder Fach and Glyder Fawr can be accessed from various directions, providing visitors with flexibility to plan their hiking route.
4. Best time to visit: The best time to explore the Glyders is during the warmer months when the weather is more stable and the trails are in better condition.

Museums and Tea Rooms in Betws-y-Coed

Betws-y-Coed, located in the picturesque Conwy Valley in Snowdonia, Wales, offers a variety of activities and attractions for visitors:

1. Museums: The village is famous for the Conwy Valley Railway Museum and the Motor Museum. The Railway Museum houses a fascinating collection of railway artifacts, as well as a 1-mile-long miniature steam train. Meanwhile, the Motor Museum showcases an interesting array of cars from past decades.
2. Entry fee: Admission to the Railway Museum costs £1.50 for adults and £1 for children, while the Motor Museum charges £2 for adults and £1.50 for children.
3. Access: You can reach Betws-y-Coed from Llandudno Junction, where you can take the scenic Conwy Valley Railway or use one of the local buses that travel through Snowdonia National Park to Betws-y-Coed.
4. Best time to visit: Spring is an excellent time to visit Betws-y-Coed, as the temperatures are moderate and the humidity is low, allowing for full enjoyment of outdoor activities and exploring the village’s charm.

Cadair Idris

One of the most impressive peaks in Snowdonia National Park is Cadair Idris, offering outdoor activity with stories and legends:

1. Natural beauty and legends: Standing at 893 meters, Cadair Idris is known as "the Chair of Idris" in reference to the Welsh giant from legends who is said to have sat on the mountain to gaze at the stars. The region is filled with myths and legends that add a special aura to its natural beauty. The mountain features several beautiful lakes and an 11-kilometer ridge along its summit.
2. Free access: There is no entry fee to access Cadair Idris, making it an accessible destination for all visitors.
3. Access: Cadair Idris is located 10 miles south of Dolgellau in the county of Gwynedd. The mountain can be accessed from various starting points in the area.
4. Best time to visit: The best time to visit Cadair Idris is during the winter when the landscape is covered in snow. However, it is important to note that the weather can be harsh and conditions can be dangerous for less experienced walkers. It is always advisable to go accompanied or be well-prepared.

Electric Mountain

Electric Mountain, also known as Dinorwig Power Station, is an impressive example of hydroelectric technology located near Dinorwig, Llanberis, in Snowdonia:

1. Advanced technology: Built between 1974 and 1984 inside Elidir Fawr mountain, Electric Mountain showcases cutting-edge hydroelectric technology. Originally designed to store energy during periods of low demand and generate hydroelectric power during peak demand, it now serves as an energy reserve to offset sudden increases in demand or losses from other power stations.
2. Attractions: Electric Mountain is known for its miles of tunnels and its enormous artificial cavern, offering a unique experience for visitors interested in technology and engineering.
3. Entry fee: Admission to Electric Mountain costs £8.50 for adults and £4.35 for children.
4. Access: You can reach Dinorwig Power Station from Bangor at an economical cost and in a short time, with public transport options available.
5. Best time to visit: Dinorwig Power Station is an interesting destination year-round, so it can be visited in any season.

Beddgelert

Beddgelert is a charming village located in Snowdonia National Park, making it one of the most worthwhile destinations to visit. Here are some reasons to explore this picturesque corner of Wales:

1. Natural beauty: Beddgelert is situated in a prime location at the confluence of the Colwyn and Glaslyn rivers. Surrounded by stunning mountain landscapes, wooded valleys, and mountain lakes, the village offers panoramic views that captivate visitors.
2. History and legends: Known for its rich cultural and historical traditions, Beddgelert is a place of legend. The village is said to be the final resting place of Gelert, the dog of Prince Llywelyn the Great, giving it an aura of mystery and romance.
3. Charming architecture: The picturesque stone houses and cobblestone streets give Beddgelert a unique charm. Strolling through its streets feels like stepping back in time, offering an authentic Welsh experience.
4. Outdoor activities: Besides its natural beauty, Beddgelert is an ideal starting point for exploring Snowdonia National Park. From gentle walks to challenging climbs, there are activities for all skill levels and adventures.
5. Welsh hospitality: Visitors can enjoy Welsh hospitality in the cozy hotels, guesthouses, and bed and breakfasts in the village, offering modern comforts in a traditional setting.
6. Best time to visit: The ideal time to visit Beddgelert is in summer when the landscape is in full bloom and the weather is pleasant for outdoor exploration.

Visiting Beddgelert provides a tranquil escape that offers a genuine connection with the nature and history of Wales.

Dolwyddelan Castle

Dolwyddelan Castle, an imposing 13th-century remnant located in Snowdonia, offers a unique experience for visitors. Here are some reasons why you should include it on your list of things to do in Snowdonia:

1. Fascinating history: Built between 1210 and 1240 by Llywelyn the Great, one of the most prominent Welsh leaders in history, Dolwyddelan Castle played a crucial role in the wars between the Welsh and the English in the 13th century. Its strategic location on a hill facing Moel Siabod offers impressive views and a unique historical backdrop.
2. Imposing architecture: This solitary sentinel is built with roughly hewn stone, giving it a robust and majestic appearance. Visitors can explore its towers and defensive walls, immersing themselves in the medieval atmosphere of the fortress.
3. Natural beauty: In addition to its historical significance, Dolwyddelan Castle offers stunning panoramic views of the surrounding mountains and countryside of Snowdonia. It is an ideal place to combine natural beauty with historical exploration.
4. Accessibility: The castle is easily accessible from the A470 road and has ample parking. However, visitors should note that the path to the castle is relatively steep.
5. Affordable price: The entry fee is reasonable, with rates of £4 for adults, £11.90 for families, and £2.60 for children, making it an affordable option for an activity in Snowdonia.
6. Best time to visit: Dolwyddelan Castle is beautiful in all seasons, so you can plan your visit according to your personal preferences and availability.

Mountain Areas Dividing the Landscape of Snowdonia

Eryri can be divided into four distinct mountainous areas:

1. The northernmost region is the most visited by tourists and includes (from west to east) Moel Hebog, Mynydd Mawr, and Nantlle Ridge, the Snowdon massif, Glyderau, and Carneddau.
2. The second area encompasses peaks like Moel Siabod, Cnicht, Moelwynion, and the mountains around Blaenau Ffestiniog.
3. The third area includes Rhinogydd in the west, as well as Arenig and Migneint (the latter being a boggy area) and Rhobell Fawr.
4. The southernmost region comprises Cadair Idris, the Tarren area, the Dyfi hills, and the Aran group, which includes Aran Fawddwy, the highest mountain in the UK south of Snowdon.

Mountain Trails for All Levels

In Snowdonia National Park, the mountain trails are varied and offer options for different skill levels and preferences:

Snowdon is a focal point for many hikers, though it can be very crowded due to the railway that reaches the summit. The summits of the massif are covered with boulders, with challenging climbs like Tryfan, a mountain that requires climbing skills and is popular among adventurers.

In addition to the challenging summits, there are quieter trails that traverse the lower mountains of Eryri. These trails tend to be less frequented and offer a more peaceful and serene experience. Some popular routes include Y Garn east of Llanberis, Mynydd Tal-y-Mignedd west of Snowdon, Moelwyn Mawr west of Blaenau Ffestiniog, and Pen Llithrig y Wrach north of Capel Curig. There are also more southern options, such as Y Llethr in Rhinogydd and Cadair Idris near Dolgellau.

The National Park has an extensive network of public paths, covering 2380 km, as well as 264 km of public bridleways and 74 km of other types of public roads. In addition, a large part of the park is covered by the public Right of Way, allowing visitors to explore and enjoy the landscape more broadly.

Flora of Snowdonia

The coast of Snowdonia National Park is a Special Area of Conservation, stretching from the Llyn Peninsula to central Wales, including valuable sand dune systems.

The park’s natural forests are primarily mixed deciduous, dominated by Welsh oak, although birch, ash, and hazel are also found. Some areas of the park feature large conifers, such as those in Gwydir Forest near Betws-y-Coed. Additionally, the northern part of Eryri is the only place in Britain where the Snowdon lily, an Arctic-Alpine plant, grows, as well as the rainbow-colored Snowdon beetle (Chrysolina cerealis).

The park is home to a diversity of wildlife and is protected under various designations, including Site of Special Scientific Interest, National Nature Reserves in the UK, Special Area of Conservation, and Special Protection Area for Birds. However, one of the main challenges facing the park is the uncontrolled growth of Rhododendron ponticum, an invasive species that threatens native flora and fauna. This rapid growth can suffocate local species and cause significant ecological damage, leading to desolate landscapes in some areas of the park.

Fauna of Snowdonia

Snowdonia National Park is vital for the conservation of habitats and wildlife in the region, with nearly 20% of its area protected under UK and European Union legislation. Half of this area is designated as a Special Area of Conservation under the European Habitats Directive.

Mammals in the park include otters, polecats, wild goats, and occasionally pine martens, although the latter have not been seen in years. The park is home to various bird species, including ravens, peregrine falcons, ospreys, merlins, and red kites. A famous resident in Snowdonia is the Rainbow beetle.

The park also has three sites designated under the Ramsar Convention:

• Dyfi Estuary Biosphere Reserve
• Cwm Idwal
• Llyn Tegid

Climate of the Eryri Region of Snowdonia Park

Eryri is known for having one of the wettest climates in the UK. For example, Crib Goch in Snowdonia is recognized as the wettest place in the UK, with an average annual rainfall of 4473 millimeters over the past three decades. This means that the region experiences a significant amount of rain throughout the year, contributing to its characteristic green landscape and the diversity of flora and fauna found in Eryri National Park.

Best Time to Visit Snowdonia National Park

The best month to visit Snowdonia can vary depending on your preferences and planned activities. However, considering reasonable weather and fewer crowds, the ideal months are April, May, September, and October. During these months, you are likely to find pleasant temperatures and fewer tourists, allowing you to enjoy Snowdonia’s natural beauty more peacefully.

If you are interested in outdoor activities such as hiking and climbing, the warmer and drier months are from June to October. During this period, the weather tends to be more stable, and there is less chance of rain, making it easier to engage in outdoor activities and offering clearer views of Snowdonia’s landscapes.

Where to Stay in the National Park and Surroundings

If you are looking for the best places to stay in Snowdonia, here are some options that offer a combination of comfort, charm, and excellent location:

1. Portmeirion Village & Castell Deudraeth: This 4-star hotel located on the north coast of Wales offers a warm and welcoming atmosphere, surrounded by wooded gardens and sandy beaches. It is ideal for a weekend getaway with family and friends.
2. Aberdunant Hall Country Hotel: Located within Snowdonia National Park, this 17th-century hotel offers stunning views of the Snowdonia range and a tranquil and relaxing environment.
3. The Black Boy Inn: This historic inn, built in 1522, offers traditional charm and an authentic experience in the royal town of Caernarfon. It is an excellent choice for couples looking for a cozy and picturesque accommodation.
4. The Castle Hotel: Located in the UNESCO World Heritage town of Conwy, this 13th-century hotel offers individually designed accommodation and a convenient location for exploring the area.
5. George III Hotel: Situated on the shores of the Mawddach estuary, this pub and restaurant with ten rooms offers stunning views and a cozy atmosphere. It is known for its spectacular views.
6. Hafan Artro: This family-run luxury hotel is located between the sea and the Cambrian mountains. It offers excellent rooms, good food, and a relaxed atmosphere, perfect for those seeking a peaceful getaway.

Whatever your preference, these places offer a unique and memorable experience during your stay in Snowdonia.

How Many Days Are Needed for a Complete Itinerary to Snowdonia?

The amount of time you need to visit Snowdonia depends on your interests and how much you want to explore the area. Three days may be sufficient to see the main attractions of the region, but if you enjoy hiking and want to explore more thoroughly, consider dedicating at least five days or more. Here are some suggestions:

• For a quick visit focused on the main attractions, three days may be adequate. This will allow you to visit highlights such as Mount Snowdon, Conwy Castle, Portmeirion, and some of the waterfalls and picturesque villages in the area.
• If you are an avid hiker and want to explore the trails and natural landscapes of Snowdonia, consider dedicating at least five days. This will allow you to undertake longer hikes and explore less-traveled and more remote areas of the national park.

Three days can be enough for a general visit to Snowdonia, but if you wish to explore more deeply and enjoy outdoor activities like hiking, consider dedicating more time.

How to Get to Snowdonia National Park

Fortunately, this national park is well-connected, allowing access from various points in England. Here are the best routes and access ways to Snowdonia National Park:

From the Northwest of England

To reach Snowdonia National Park, the Eryri area, from the northwest of England, take the A55 and exit at junction 19. Then, follow the A470 to Llanrwst and finally to Betws-y-Coed. If you prefer to travel by train, head to Crewe train station and then take another train to Llandudno Junction. From there, you can use the Conwy Valley line to reach the National Park.

From the South of England

If you are in the south of England, head to Shrewsbury and take the A5 to Eryri National Park. Alternatively, if traveling by train, you can reach Shrewsbury train station and take the Cambrian line to the National Park.

From Holyhead

From Holyhead, take the A55 and exit at junction 19. Then, continue on the A470 to Betws-y-Coed. If you prefer to travel by train, from Holyhead head to Llandudno Junction train station and take the Conwy Valley line to reach the National Park.

From Southwest Wales

To reach Eryri National Park from southwest Wales, go to Aberystwyth and take the A487 to Machynlleth. From there, you can continue on the A487 to Dolgellau. If you want to explore the coast of the National Park, turn left after Machynlleth and take the A493 to Aberdyfi. By train, head to Aberystwyth train station and take the Cambrian line to the National Park.

From Southeast Wales

If you are in southeast Wales, head to Builth Wells and follow the A470 to Llandinam. From there, follow the signs to Dolgellau. If you prefer to travel by train, head to Shrewsbury train station and take the Cambrian line to the National Park.