Gunung Mulu National Park, Borneo Island, Malaysia

Gunung Mulu National Park (in Malay: Taman Negara Gunung Mulu), located in the state of Sarawak in Malaysia, is a perfect destination for nature and adventure lovers. With its mighty mountains, fascinating cave systems, and lush flora and fauna, this UNESCO World Heritage site offers a unique experience for those looking to explore one of the most beautiful landscapes in Southeast Asia. Discover its geography, exciting activities, nearby locations, and everything related to this protected area in the Asian country that you can explore during your visit.

Information about Gunung Mulu National Park

History

Gunung Mulu National Park was established in 1974 and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2000 due to its extraordinary biodiversity and impressive karst formations. This park, covering 528.64 km² (203.9 square miles), has been the subject of scientific studies for decades, thanks to its unique ecosystems that host thousands of species of flora and fauna.

The park spans 52,864 hectares, containing 17 distinct vegetation zones, with around 3,500 species of vascular plants. The variety of palm species is very high, with 109 species across 20 different genera. The main feature of the park is Gunung Mulu, a sandstone pinnacle rising to 2,337 meters. Additionally, the park is famous for its 295 km of explored caves, which are home to a colony of millions of bats. Among these caves is the Sarawak Chamber, the largest known cave in the world.

Location

Gunung Mulu is located in northeastern Sarawak, on the island of Borneo, Malaysia. This remote park is surrounded by dense tropical rainforest, making it accessible only by plane or boat, which gives it an aura of exclusivity for adventurers who dare to explore it, being one of the most difficult-to-access parks among the Malaysian national parks.

Best time to visit Gunung Mulu

The best time to visit Gunung Mulu is during the dry season, from May to September, when the rains are less frequent, and the trails and caves are more accessible. During the rainy season, which runs from October to March, some activities may be limited due to rising water levels and more extreme weather conditions.

How to get to Gunung Mulu National Park

From Miri

The main access to the park is from the city of Miri, in Sarawak. There are regular flights operated by small local airlines that connect Miri with Gunung Mulu Airport. This flight takes about 30 minutes.

Another option is to reach Gunung Mulu by boat, starting from Miri and driving to Kuala Baram, where you take a boat to Marudi, followed by another boat to Long Terawan, and then navigate the Tutoh River to Mulu. The boat journey is much longer, taking one to two days depending on availability at the time.

From Kuching

It is also possible to fly from Kuching, the capital of Sarawak, to Miri, and from there take a flight to Gunung Mulu. While this itinerary may take more time, it is a popular option for those traveling from the southern part of Borneo.

From Kota Kinabalu

From Sabah, you can fly from Kota Kinabalu to Miri and then take a flight to Gunung Mulu. This route offers you the chance to explore several regions of Borneo in a single trip.

From Kuala Lumpur

For international tourists, the easiest way to get to Gunung Mulu is to fly first to Kuala Lumpur and then connect to Miri or Kuching. From either of these cities, you can take a local flight to Gunung Mulu.

Geography of Gunung Mulu

Gunung Mulu National Park is famous for its cave system and karst formations, which have formed over millions of years. Mount Mulu, which gives the park its name, rises 2,376 meters above sea level and is surrounded by dense jungle that harbors exceptional biodiversity.

Karst systems and caves

One of the main attractions of Gunung Mulu is its vast caves, including the Sarawak Cave, the largest underground chamber in the world, and the Deer Cave, known for the natural spectacle of bats emerging at sunset. These karst formations are the result of centuries of erosion and create a fascinating underground landscape.

Mount Mulu

Mount Mulu is the park’s main elevation and offers hiking routes for the more adventurous. Climbing Mount Mulu is a demanding but rewarding experience, taking you through the jungle to the summit, where you can enjoy panoramic views of the region.

Melinau River

The Melinau River runs through the park and is navigable in several sections. Exploring the park by river is an excellent way to immerse yourself in nature without hiking the trails. Additionally, it is the main mode of transportation to access some caves and remote areas of the park.

Flora of Gunung Mulu

The flora of Gunung Mulu is extraordinarily diverse due to its location in the tropical rainforest. The park is home to several endemic and rare plant species, making it a place of great interest to botanists.

Tropical forests

The park is covered by extensive evergreen tropical forests, home to towering dipterocarp trees, giant ferns, and a multitude of other species that create a complex and fascinating ecosystem.

Carnivorous plants

One of the park’s peculiarities is the presence of various species of carnivorous plants, such as Nepenthes, which thrive in the nutrient-poor soils of the park’s higher areas.

Giant ferns and orchids

Among the most notable flora are the giant ferns, which can reach several meters in height, as well as wild orchids that bloom in the wetter areas of the park, providing a colorful spectacle in the dense green landscape.

Fauna of Gunung Mulu

Gunung Mulu’s fauna is rich and diverse, hosting a wide range of endemic species and some of the largest bat colonies in the world.

Bats (including the Bat Cave)

Gunung Mulu is famous for the Bat Cave, where millions of these mammals emerge en masse each evening to feed. Among the species inhabiting this cave is the wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat (Chaerephon plicatus). Watching the bats’ flight at sunset is an unforgettable experience and one of the park’s main attractions.

Cave crab

The cave crab is one of Gunung Mulu’s most unique species, adapted to life in the darkness of the caves. Its pale color and reduced eyes are examples of adaptation to its unique environment.

Tropical Birds

The park is home to a rich avifauna, including eight species of hornbills, such as the rhinoceros hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros), the wrinkled hornbill (Aceros corrugatus), and the helmeted hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil). Birdwatching in Gunung Mulu is a very popular activity, especially among ornithology enthusiasts.

Butterflies and other insects

The diversity of insects in the park is astounding, with over 20,000 identified invertebrate species. Vibrantly colored butterflies, beetles, and other species fill the forests, creating a constantly moving landscape that delights most visitors.

Other Mammals and Reptiles

Mammals in the park include the Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica), tufted ground squirrel (Rheithrosciurus macrotis), Javan silvery gibbon (Hylobates moloch), sun bear (Helarctos malayanus euryspilos), maroon leaf monkey (Presbytis rubicunda), and yellow-throated marten (Martes flavigula). As for reptiles, 25 species have been recorded, including the reticulated python (Malayopython reticulatus) and the banded Malayan coral snake (Calliophis intestinalis).

Amphibians

Several unique amphibians inhabit the park, such as the Bornean squat frog (Calluella flava) and Gunung Mulu’s torrent toads (Ansonia torrentis).

What to See and Do in Gunung Mulu National Park

Deer Cave

Deer Cave is known for housing one of the largest bat colonies in the world and for the spectacular bat exodus at sunset.

Wind Cave

Known for its air currents and impressive rock formations, Wind Cave is another must-see during any visit to Gunung Mulu.

Clearwater Cave

Famous for its crystal-clear waters, Clearwater Cave is quite a popular spot and can be very entertaining while showcasing the park’s underground wonders.

Lang Cave

Lang Cave, located near Deer Cave, is a beautiful site famous for its stunning stalagmites and stalactites.

Good Luck Cave (Gua Nasib Bagus)

Good Luck Cave (Gua Nasib Bagus) is located several hours’ walk from the park’s headquarters, deep in the jungle. This cave is famous for its mighty Sarawak Chamber, measuring 396 meters wide and at least 70 meters high.

Mulu Pinnacles

The Pinnacles are sharp rock formations that rise above the jungle. Climbing the Pinnacles is a demanding hike, but the views from the top make the effort worthwhile.

The Valley of Giants

The Valley of Giants is an area of the park where some of the tallest trees in Borneo can be found. This area offers a unique opportunity to marvel at the park’s biodiversity.

Trekking to Mount Mulu

For experienced hikers, trekking to Mount Mulu is one of the park’s most challenging and rewarding activities. The hike offers spectacular views and the chance to explore a truly remote environment.

Sarawak Cave Exploration

The Sarawak Cave is the largest underground chamber in the world and one of the top spots for spelunkers. Exploring this cave will leave you speechless due to its colossal dimensions.

Canopy Walkway Hiking

The Canopy Walkway is a suspended path over the jungle, allowing you to walk among the treetops and enjoy unique views of the forest canopy. It’s a perfect activity for those looking to experience nature from a different perspective. This activity is also available at the Taman Negara National Park in Malaysia.

Boat Trips on the Melinau River

A peaceful and relaxed way to explore the park is by navigating the Melinau River. This boat ride takes you through the jungle and offers the opportunity to observe wildlife and flora in their natural environment.

Bat Flight Observation

One of the most iconic experiences in Gunung Mulu is watching the bats emerge at sunset from Deer Cave, an impressive natural spectacle.

Nature Observation Areas

The park offers numerous observation points for those interested in local flora and fauna. From elevated platforms to areas near the rivers, nature observation is an essential activity in Gunung Mulu.

Historical Indigenous Peoples in Gunung Mulu

The Penan and Their Traditional Lifestyle

The Penan are one of the indigenous groups that inhabit the park, known for their deep knowledge of the jungle and traditional survival techniques. Learning about their culture is a fascinating experience.

Culture and Crafts of Indigenous Peoples

In addition to their nomadic way of life, the indigenous peoples of Gunung Mulu are also known for their crafts and respectful relationship with nature. Visiting their villages provides the opportunity to purchase traditional products and support these communities.

Gastronomy of Gunung Mulu

Traditional Indigenous Dishes

The gastronomy of Gunung Mulu includes dishes made from local ingredients such as rice, tapioca, and meats cooked in traditional ways. The meals are often simple but full of flavor, reflecting jungle life.

Dishes Based on Rice and Tapioca

Rice and tapioca are staple ingredients in the indigenous diet. Local dishes, such as "linut," a paste made from tapioca flour, reflect simplicity and adaptation to natural resources.

Local Fish and Meats

Fishing and hunting play a significant role in the diet of local communities. Fresh fish from the river and jungle game meats are a fundamental part of indigenous cuisine in Gunung Mulu.

Accommodations in Gunung Mulu

Accommodations Within the Park

Within the park, several accommodation options range from eco-camps to comfortable lodges, allowing visitors to rest and sleep immersed in nature throughout their stay. Accommodations are available near the park offices.

Accommodations in Miri

For those who prefer staying outside the park, the city of Miri offers a variety of accommodations, from hotels to guesthouses. Miri is the main access point to the park and provides all necessary amenities.

Eco-Camps

A popular option within the park is eco-camps, designed to offer an immersive experience in the jungle. These camps allow visitors to spend a few days close to nature while respecting the natural environment.

Next recommended parks: Malaysian National Parks.

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See Also

• Unesco important both for its high biodiversity.
• Taman Negara – BirdLife IBA factsheet.
• Historical and Current Legislations of Taman Negara.
• Cartography M.Sc).