Mount Pulag National Park is a dream destination for nature and hiking enthusiasts. With its cool climate, stunning landscapes, and the famous view of the "sea of clouds," this protected area in the Philippines attracts visitors from around the world. Whether you’re seeking a challenging hike to the summit or hoping to immerse yourself in the region’s rich indigenous culture, Mount Pulag offers an unparalleled experience in the Philippines. From its grass-covered peaks to its wildlife-filled forests, every corner of the park has something special to uncover.
Content
- 1 About Mount Pulag National Park
- 2 How to Get to Mount Pulag National Park
- 3 Geography of Mount Pulag
- 4 Flora of Mount Pulag National Park
- 5 Fauna of Mount Pulag National Park
- 6 Things to See and Do in Mount Pulag National Park
- 7 Culture and Indigenous Peoples at Mount Pulag
- 8 Gastronomy Around Mount Pulag National Park
- 9 Accommodations Near Mount Pulag
About Mount Pulag National Park
History
Mount Pulag (in Filipino: Bundok Pulag) has been considered a sacred place by the indigenous communities of the region for generations. In particular, the Ibaloi and Kalanguya peoples believe the entire mountain is the home of ancestral spirits, known as the tinmongao, and the final resting place for the souls of their ancestors. The mountain is not only valued for its spiritual significance but also as a cultural heritage site, as the Kabayan burial caves nearby contain mummies dating back centuries. These are protected as national cultural treasures under Presidential Decree No. 432. In 1987, Mount Pulag was declared a national park through Presidential Proclamation No. 75, signed by President Corazon Aquino, encompassing an area of 11,550 hectares. Today, it is part of the National Integrated Protected Areas Program (NIPAP), aimed at conserving its rich biodiversity and cultural heritage.
Location
Mount Pulag rises in the Luzon Cordillera in northern Philippines, located at the intersection of three provinces: Benguet, Ifugao, and Nueva Vizcaya. At 2,928 meters above sea level, it is the highest peak in Luzon and the third-highest in the Philippines, surpassed only by Mount Apo and Mount Dulang-dulang. This mountain is renowned for its diverse terrain, including grasslands, mountain forests, and deep valleys, making it a premier destination for hiking and nature exploration.
Best Time to Visit Mount Pulag
The best time to visit Mount Pulag is between November and February, when the weather is cooler, and the chance of rain is low. During this period, trails are in better condition, and the clear skies allow visitors to enjoy one of the park’s most captivating sights: the "sea of clouds" at sunrise. Additionally, on clear nights, it’s quite possible to see the Milky Way in all its glory. While hiking is possible year-round, it’s recommended to avoid the rainy season, as the trails can become slippery and hazardous.
Local Culture and Beliefs
Mount Pulag is deeply respected by the local indigenous communities. For the Ibaloi and other ethnic groups such as the Kalanguya, Kankana-ey, Ifugao, and Karao, the mountain holds immense spiritual value. Traditional beliefs state that it is the sacred resting place of their ancestors’ souls and that the mountain is inhabited by tinmongao spirits. Cultural practices in the region, such as mummification and using the mountain’s caves as burial sites, are a testament to ancient traditions that continue to be honored today.
How to Get to Mount Pulag National Park
From Manila
From Manila, you can take a bus to Baguio, a journey that takes approximately six hours. Once in Baguio, local transportation options are available to bring you to the starting point of the climb, either via Ambangeg or Akiki.
From Baguio
Baguio is the closest city to Mount Pulag and the main starting point for most hikers. From here, you can take a shared van or jeepney to the town of Kabayan, located near the park.
From La Trinidad
La Trinidad, known for its strawberry farms, is another option near Baguio. The journey from here to the park is similar to that from Baguio, with public transportation available to Kabayan or directly to Mount Pulag’s access points.
From Kabayan
Kabayan is the nearest town to the park’s entrances. From here, you can arrange transportation to the Ambangeg or Akiki trails, two of the most popular routes to the summit.
Geography of Mount Pulag
Mount Pulag is renowned for its diverse geography, encompassing grasslands at the summit, mountain forests, and moorlands. The mountain’s elevation provides a cool climate year-round, creating a unique habitat for numerous endemic species of plants and animals. Its rugged terrain presents a challenge for hikers but also offers an ideal setting for viewing breathtaking landscapes.
Pulag stands out not only as the highest peak in Luzon but also as an inactive volcano. Its summit offers panoramic views ranging from cloud-covered valleys to neighboring mountains. This mountain is part of the biogeographical zone of the Cordillera and, being located at the tri-border of Benguet, Ifugao, and Nueva Vizcaya, serves as an important geographical landmark. Its diverse ecosystem includes alpine grasslands, pine and mossy forests, creating a unique environment for local flora and fauna.
Flora of Mount Pulag National Park
The park is home to an astonishing variety of plants, with a documented total of 528 species, many of which are endemic. At lower elevations, the Luzon tropical pine forests are dominated by Benguet pine (Pinus kesiya), a tree characteristic of the region. As you ascend, dwarf bamboo (Yushania niitakayamensis) appears, a hallmark of the higher zones. One of the park’s most notable trees is the Philippine yew, whose bark is used by the Ibaloi and Kalanguya communities to make tea and contains a compound linked to cancer treatment. Mossy forests cover the intermediate zones of the mountain, filled with ferns, lichens, and moss, lending the landscape a dense, almost magical appearance.
Vegetation varies dramatically with altitude, making Mount Pulag an ideal location for botanical studies and for enthusiasts seeking rare plants in their natural environment. The alpine grasslands at the summit offer a stark visual contrast to the dense forests below, showcasing the park’s rich biodiversity.
Fauna of Mount Pulag National Park
Mount Pulag’s fauna is as diverse as its flora. It is the natural habitat of several endemic species, some of which are critically endangered. The park hosts 33 bird species, including rare ones like the Koch’s pitta, and shelters threatened mammals such as the Philippine deer and the giant bushy-tailed cloud rat (bowet). The park is the only place in the Philippines where all four species of cloud rats can be found, including the dwarf cloud rat (Carpomys melanurus), rediscovered after more than a century since its last sighting in 1896.
The park is also home to the long-haired fruit bat and the Philippine eagle, one of the country’s most iconic predators. This exceptional biodiversity makes Pulag a prime destination for wildlife observation, offering visitors the chance to see unique species in their natural habitat.
Things to See and Do in Mount Pulag National Park
Hike to the Summit of Mount Pulag
Climbing to the summit of Mount Pulag, the third-highest mountain in the Philippines, is the park’s most popular activity. It offers the chance to witness the famous sea of clouds, especially at sunrise. The Ambangeg Trail is the most accessible route for beginners, while the Akiki Trail provides a greater challenge for experienced hikers.
Ambangeg Trail
This is the most frequented trail and is recommended for those seeking a less demanding ascent. The route passes through grasslands and offers panoramic views, with the ultimate reward of reaching Mount Pulag’s summit.
Akiki Trail
Known as the "killer trail" due to its steep terrain, the Akiki Trail is ideal for those looking for a more physical challenge. Despite its difficulty, this route offers stunning views and a deeper connection to the park’s wild nature.
Tawangan Trail
Less known than the main trails, the Tawangan Trail is an option for those seeking a quieter and more secluded experience. It leads to the summit through less-traveled areas of the park.
Eddet Falls
Located along the Akiki Trail, Eddet Falls is a refreshing spot to rest and enjoy the cool waters. Its location within the forest adds a special charm to the hike.
Mountain Forests
The forests on Mount Pulag’s slopes are home to a diversity of wildlife and rare plants. Trails that wind through these forests provide an immersive nature experience.
Views of the Sea of Clouds
One of the most sought-after sights during a visit is the opportunity to witness the sea of clouds. At sunrise, these clouds blanket the valleys, offering a unique view that draws photographers and nature lovers alike.
Traditional Villages on the Slopes
During your visit, you may encounter the traditional homes of indigenous communities like the Ibaloi and Kalanguya. These groups have lived in the region for generations and maintain a close relationship with the mountain.
Bird and Wildlife Watching
The park is a paradise for birdwatchers, with numerous endemic species. Its rich fauna makes it a highlight for observing nature.
Landscape Photography
With its expansive views, sea of clouds, and colorful sunrises, Mount Pulag is a perfect spot for capturing stunning landscape photos. The changing light conditions provide photographic opportunities at every corner of the park.
Stargazing
Thanks to its altitude and minimal light pollution, Mount Pulag is an ideal spot for astronomical observation. Clear nights offer a spectacular view of the starry sky, an experience many visitors enjoy after camping at high altitudes.
Culture and Indigenous Peoples at Mount Pulag
Ibaloi and Kalanguya Communities
The lands surrounding Mount Pulag have been home to various indigenous tribes, with the Ibaloi and Kalanguya being two of the most prominent. These communities are part of the Igorot people and have preserved much of their traditions, rituals, and customs over centuries. For the Ibaloi and Kalanguya, Mount Pulag is more than just a geographical formation; it is a sacred land, the home of ancestral spirits, and a place deeply connected to their heritage. The town of Kabayan, located near the park, remains one of the main cultural centers for the Ibaloi today, playing an essential role in preserving their identity and legacy.
Mount Pulag holds profound spiritual significance for the indigenous peoples living in the region. For the Ibaloi and Kalanguya, hikes to the mountain’s summit are not merely excursions but pilgrimages undertaken with deep respect and reverence. The mountain is believed to be the refuge of ancestral spirits, and visitors are expected to approach it with an attitude of respect. Alongside these beliefs, numerous legends and myths have been passed down through generations, adding a unique mysticism to the site. Interacting with these communities offers an opportunity to learn more about their beliefs, customs, and their close relationship with nature.
The Tradition of Kabayan Mummies
One of the Ibaloi’s most fascinating traditions is the mummification of their dead, a practice dating back to the 13th century. Over generations, the Ibaloi settled in this region and began burying their dead in caves around Mount Pulag. More than a hundred of these caves, known as the "Kabayan burial caves," were used for this purpose. Unfortunately, many of these tombs were looted, prompting authorities to protect and monitor these areas. Today, the tradition of the Kabayan mummies is recognized as an important cultural treasure, and a museum in Kabayan offers visitors insights into this ancestral practice and its significance for the Ibaloi people.
Gastronomy Around Mount Pulag National Park
Traditional Dishes of the Cordillera Region
The gastronomy of the Cordillera region is diverse and rich in traditional flavors, utilizing fresh mountain ingredients. One of the most iconic dishes is pinikpikan, a chicken stew uniquely prepared by gently beating the bird to tenderize it before cooking it with salt and ginger. Another typical dish is etag, a cured and smoked pork often used in soups and stews, adding a deep, smoky flavor. The Ibaloi also prepare kinuday, a dish of smoked and slowly cooked pork or carabao meat. These dishes embody the essence of mountain cuisine, emphasizing preservation methods and robust flavors.
Fresh Vegetables from the Area
The region is famous for its fresh vegetables, such as cabbage and carrots, grown in the mountainous terrain. These ingredients are essential to local dishes.
The fertile mountainous lands are known for producing fresh vegetables such as cabbage, carrots, and potatoes, which are staples in many local dishes. These are used as sides or main ingredients in stews like nilaga or pinikpikan. Farmers in the Cordillera practice sustainable farming, growing these crops without chemicals, making them healthy and flavorful. Fresh vegetables are also included in simple, nutritious salads or roasted alongside meats in community barbecues.
Local Beverages and Agricultural Products
Beyond the variety of dishes, the Cordillera is also renowned for its traditional beverages. One of the most well-known is tapuy, a fermented rice wine served during celebrations and special rituals. Its mild, sweet flavor makes it a favorite among locals and foreign tourists alike. Another standout beverage is Benguet coffee, grown in the valleys near Mount Pulag. This coffee boasts a robust and aromatic flavor, appreciated throughout the region. Agricultural products like mountain rice and fresh fruits complement the local diet, standing out for their quality and freshness.
Accommodations Near Mount Pulag
Accommodations in Baguio
Baguio, known as the "City of Flowers," offers a wide range of accommodations for those planning to explore Mount Pulag. From hotels to hostels, Baguio is a popular option for hikers seeking comfort before their mountain adventure.
Accommodations in Kabayan
In Kabayan, closer to Mount Pulag, accommodations are more modest but provide an authentic experience. Many are operated by local communities, offering a closer connection to the culture and environment.
Camping in the Park
For the more adventurous, camping at Mount Pulag is an unparalleled option. Designated camping areas allow visitors to spend the night under the stars, providing a profound connection to the area’s natural beauty.
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